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What Is an IP Blacklist?

An IP blacklist, or blocklist, is a published list of IP addresses linked to spam, malware or abuse that mail servers, firewalls and websites use to reject or score traffic. The best-known kind are DNSBLs, which anyone can query over DNS.

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how it works

How DNS blocklists work

A DNSBL is queried by reversing the octets of the IP and adding the list's zone. To check 127.0.0.2 against Spamhaus ZEN you look up 2.0.0.127.zen.spamhaus.org. No answer means not listed; an answer in 127.0.0.x means listed, and the last number says which sub-list. 127.0.0.2 is the standard test entry that every list returns as listed.

Lists differ in purpose. Some record observed spam or infected machines; others list whole ranges by policy, such as Spamhaus PBL, which lists consumer IP ranges whose owners say they should not send mail directly. Many perfectly normal home IPs are on the PBL, and that has no effect on browsing websites.

Query Spamhaus ZENShell
dig +short 2.0.0.127.zen.spamhaus.org
# 127.0.0.2
# 127.0.0.4
# 127.0.0.10

# Spamhaus refuses queries sent through large public resolvers
# (such as 8.8.8.8); use your own resolver or a lookup tool.
why it matters

Why blacklists matter for proxy users

Websites rarely use mail blocklists directly. They use their vendors' threat feeds and reputation scores, which draw on similar data: spam, attacks, open proxies and abuse reports. A listed proxy IP can mean more CAPTCHAs, lower trust scores or outright blocks.

  • 1

    Spam list (SBL, spam traps)

    What it usually means
    The IP sent spam
    Matters for
    Email first; also a reputation signal
  • 2

    Exploit or botnet list (XBL)

    What it usually means
    Malware or an open proxy on the IP
    Matters for
    Websites and logins
  • 3

    Policy list (PBL)

    What it usually means
    A consumer range that shouldn't send mail
    Matters for
    Mail servers only; normal for home IPs
  • 4

    Abuse databases and threat feeds

    What it usually means
    Reported attacks or scraping
    Matters for
    Websites, APIs, firewalls

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Related terms

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IP blacklist FAQs

Straight answers about IP blacklist.

A DNS-based blocklist: a list of IP addresses published so that anyone can check an IP with a simple DNS query. Mail servers use them to reject spam.

Got more questions?All FAQs